Zambales Mountains

Zambales Mountains
Zambales Mountains
	The mountain range seen from San Narciso, Zambales
Highest point
Peak	Mount Tapulao (aka High Peak), Zambales
Elevation	2,037 m (6,683 ft)
Coordinates	15°28′51″N 120°7′16″E / 15.48083°N 120.12111°E
Dimensions
Length	180 km (110 mi) N-S
Geography
	Zambales Mountains topographic map
Country	Philippines
Provinces	Zambales; Pangasinan; Bataan; Tarlac; Pampanga;
Region	Central Luzon & Ilocos Region
Range coordinates	15°41′N 120°05′E / 15.683°N 120.083°E

The Zambales Mountains is a mountain range in western Luzon. The mountains spread along a north-south axis, separating Luzon's central plain from the South China Sea. The range extends into five provinces: Zambales, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Bataan. One of its most prominent sections is known as the Cabusilan Mountain Range composed of Mount Pinatubo, Mount Negron and Mount Cuadrado, which are believed to be remnants of the ancestral Pinatubo peak. The highest elevation in the Zambales Mountains is Mount Tapulao, also known as High Peak, in Zambales province which rises to 2,037 metres (6,683 ft).

Extent

The Zambales Mountains has an area of 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi)^[1] extending North to South from the mountains of western Pangasinan province, the whole length of Zambales, to tip of the Bataan Peninsula in the south enclosing Manila Bay.^[2] The mountain range also encompasses the mountains in the municipalities of Bamban, Capas, San Jose, San Clemente, Mayantoc, Santa Ignacia, Camiling in the province of Tarlac. In Pampanga, it includes the mountains in Floridablanca, Porac, Lubao, Angeles City and Mabalacat.

Geology

The Zambales Mountains include Jurassic to Miocene ophiolite massifs, overlain by more recent sedimentary formation, including the Cagaluan Formation and the Santa Cruz Formation.^[3]

Volcanoes

Although the mountains are volcanic in origin,^[2] Mount Pinatubo is the only active volcano in the mountain range. Its eruption on June 15, 1991 was the second most powerful volcanic eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. The volcanic eruption, which was complicated by the arrival of Typhoon Yunya, covered the region with thick volcanic ash and lahar including the U.S. military base at Clark Field near Angeles City.^[4]

Other volcanoes in Zambales Mountains are Mount Mariveles, Mount Natib and Mount Samat.

Protected areas

Peaks

List of highest peaks

Mount Tapulao 6,683 ft (2,037 m)
Mount Iba 5,430 ft (1,655 m)
Mount Negron 5,194 ft (1,583 m)
Mount Pinatubo 4,875 ft (1,486 m)
Mount Mariveles 4,554 ft (1,388 m)
Mount Cuadrado 4,344 ft (1,324 m)
Mount McDonald 4,334 ft (1,321 m)
Mount Natib 4,111 ft (1,253 m)
Mount Limay 2,984 ft (910 m)
Mount Dorst 2,785 ft (849 m)
Mount Samat 1,788 ft (545 m)
Mount Gates 1,663 ft (507 m)

River system

Satellite image of the central portion of the range taken on November 19, 2020. Strikingly visible are the lahar-filled river valleys radiating from the cyan Mount Pinatubo crater lake.

List of rivers in Zambales Mountains by length.

Tarlac River 95.2 km (59.2 mi)
Camiling River 93 km (58 mi)
Pasig–Potrero River 75 km (47 mi)
Bucao River 48.3 km (30.0 mi)
Santo Tomas River 46.4 km (28.8 mi)

Deforestation

The Zambales mountains have undergone immense deforestation due to excessive logging and swidden farming.^[5] The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo also devastated large areas of the range, mostly ancestral lands of the indigenous Aetas in Zambales.^[6] Reforestation efforts have had success in some barren parts of the range, notably in San Felipe, Zambales at the initiative of the Aeta people supported by MAD Travel and some government agencies.^[7]

Gallery

The Zambales Mountains is known for having pine trees, Pinus merkusii.^[8]
View from Mt. Tapulao overlooking the South China Sea in the distance
Mountainous barren landscape around the Camiling River watershed, Tarlac province
Upper Lawis River watershed, showing a jagged ridge
A trapped civet in the Zambales Mountains that was later released

References

^ "Zambales Mountains". New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Warren D. (1913). "Journal of Geology, Vol. 21 – The Geology of Luzon, P.I.", pp. 39–40. University of Chicago, Department of Geology.
^ Dimalanta, C. B.; Salapare, R. C.; Faustino-Eslava, D. V.; Ramos, N. T.; Queaño, K. L.; Yumul, G. P.; Yang, T. F. (2015). "Post-emplacement history of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex: Insights from petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of Neogene clastic rocks". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 104: 215–227. Bibcode:2015JAESc.104..215D. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.021.
^ McClelland, Lindsay, ed. (1991). "Report on Pinatubo (Philippines)". Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. 16 (5). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199105-273083. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
^ Brechin, Steven R.; Wilshusen, Peter R.; Fortwangler, Crystal L.; West, Patrick C. (February 1, 2012). Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-first Century. State University of New York Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-7914-8654-2. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
^ McDermott, Melanie J. (1991). "Review of After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 22 (2): 432–435. ISSN 0022-4634. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
^ Albano, Lou (July 25, 2024). "How the Aeta communities of San Felipe, Zambales came together to reforest their ancestral land". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
^ Balete, Danilo S.; Heaney, Lawrence R.; Josefa Veluz, Maria; Rickart, Eric A. (November 2009). "Diversity patterns of small mammals in the Zambales Mts., Luzon, Philippines". Mammalian Biology. 74 (6). Study area. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.006. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

External links

Media related to Zambales Mountains at Wikimedia Commons

[CAPP-1] "Zambales Mountains". New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2021.

[Journal-2] Smith, Warren D. (1913). "Journal of Geology, Vol. 21 – The Geology of Luzon, P.I.", pp. 39–40. University of Chicago, Department of Geology.

[3] Dimalanta, C. B.; Salapare, R. C.; Faustino-Eslava, D. V.; Ramos, N. T.; Queaño, K. L.; Yumul, G. P.; Yang, T. F. (2015). "Post-emplacement history of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex: Insights from petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of Neogene clastic rocks". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 104: 215–227. Bibcode:2015JAESc.104..215D. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.021.

[4] McClelland, Lindsay, ed. (1991). "Report on Pinatubo (Philippines)". Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. 16 (5). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199105-273083. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[5] Brechin, Steven R.; Wilshusen, Peter R.; Fortwangler, Crystal L.; West, Patrick C. (February 1, 2012). Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-first Century. State University of New York Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-7914-8654-2. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[6] McDermott, Melanie J. (1991). "Review of After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 22 (2): 432–435. ISSN 0022-4634. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[7] Albano, Lou (July 25, 2024). "How the Aeta communities of San Felipe, Zambales came together to reforest their ancestral land". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

[Balete-etal-2009-8] Balete, Danilo S.; Heaney, Lawrence R.; Josefa Veluz, Maria; Rickart, Eric A. (November 2009). "Diversity patterns of small mammals in the Zambales Mts., Luzon, Philippines". Mammalian Biology. 74 (6). Study area. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.006. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

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