Wikipedia

Malaysian Chinese Association

The Malaysian Chinese Association (abbrev: MCA; Malay: Persatuan Cina Malaysia), fomerly known as the Malayan Chinese Association, is an ethnic political party in Malaysia that seeks to represent the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it was one of the three original major component parties of the coalition party in Malaysia called the Alliance Party, which later became a broader coalition called Barisan Nasional in Malay, or National Front in English.

Malaysian Chinese Association
Malay namePersatuan Cina Malaysia
ڤرساتوان چينا مليسيا‎
Chinese name马来西亚华人公会
Mǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì
Tamil nameமலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம்
Malēciya Cīṉar Caṅkam
AbbreviationMCA / 马华
PresidentWee Ka Siong
Secretary-GeneralChong Sin Woon
Deputy PresidentMah Hang Soon
Vice-PresidentLim Ban Hong
Tan Teik Cheng
Wee Jeck Seng
Lawrence Low
Women ChiefWong You Fong
Youth ChiefLing Tian Soon
FounderTan Cheng Lock
Founded27 February 1949
Preceded byMalayan Chinese Association
Headquarters8th Floor, Wisma MCA, 163, Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur
NewspaperChina Press
The Star
Nanyang Siang Pau
Sin Chew Daily
Youth wingMCA Youth Section
Women's wingWanita MCA
IdeologyMalaysian Chinese interests
Social conservatism
Three Principles of the People
Historical:
Chinese nationalism
Political positionCentre-right[1]
National affiliationAlliance (1952–1973)
Barisan Nasional (since 1973)
Colours  Blue and yellow
Dewan Negara:
2 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:
2 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:
8 / 611
Party flag
Website
www.mca.org.my

Along with the largest and third largest component party in BN, i.e. United Malays National Organisation and Malaysian Indian Congress, MCA has a significant influence over the political arena in Malaysia since its independence. Through its holding of companies such as Huaren Holdings, MCA controls The Star, which is Malaysia's best-selling English newspaper.[2][3]

The party was once the largest party representing the Chinese community in Malaysia, and was particularly dominant in the early period until the late 1960s. Its fortunes fluctuated after the establishment of other political parties in the 1960s that challenged it for the Chinese votes, although it still enjoyed strong support in the mid-1990s to mid-2000s period. However, it has performed poorly in elections since 2008, with the Malaysian Chinese community mostly voting for the Democratic Action Party and People's Justice Party,[4] and in the 2018 Malaysian general election, it lost all but one of its parliamentary seats and was relegated to the opposition.[5] It returned to power in March 2020 as part of the alliance with Perikatan Nasional.[6] After the 2022 election, the party joined the government as a backbencher with Barisan Nasional supporting Pakatan Harapan.[7]

History

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Formation and early years

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Tun Sir Tan Cheng Lock, first president of MCA
Malaysian Chinese Association
 
Traditional Chinese馬來西亞華人公會
Simplified Chinese马来西亚华人公会
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMǎláixīyà Huárén Gōnghuì
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingmaa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 waa4 jan4 gung1 wui2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJMá-lâi-se-a Hoâ-jîn kong-hoē

The Malayan Chinese Association was formed on 27 February 1949 with the implicit support by the post-World War II British colonial administration. A central purpose of the MCA at the time of its founding was to manage the specific social and welfare concerns of the populations interned in the so-called New Villages created under the Briggs Plan in response to the Malayan Emergency.[8][9]

The declaration that announced the MCA as a formal political party in 1951 was written by a prominent Straits Chinese businessman, Tan Cheng Lock, its first president. In general, its early members were landowners, businessmen, or otherwise better off, while the working classes in the New Villages overwhelmingly joined the Socialist Front instead.[10] Many prominent members of the MCA were also Kuomintang members opposed to the Malayan Communist Party. Leong Yew Koh, was a KMT major general who became a cabinet minister and later became governor of Malacca; Malaysia's first minister of finance, Henry H.S. Lee, was a KMT colonel; and Lim Chong Eu, the leader of the Radical Party and joined the MCA in 1952, was a colonel (medical) doctor in the Kuomintang.[11]

In 1952, MCA joined force with United Malays National Organisation on a local level to contest the Kuala Lumpur municipal elections which would lead to the formation of the Alliance Party. The alliance was joined by Malaysian Indian Congress in 1954 and they contested the first Malayan General Election in 1955 as one body, and the alliance won 51 of the 52 seat contested.[12] MCA won all 15 of the seats allocated.[13]

Tan Cheng Lock was succeeded by Lim Chong Eu after a successful challenge by Lim for the presidency in 1958. Lim attempted to amend the party's Constitution to consolidate the power of the Central Committee, and although amendment was passed narrowly, it also split the party.[14] Prior to the 1959 General Election, Lim pressed for an increase of the allocated number of seats from 28 to 40, but this was refused by UMNO leader Tunku Abdul Rahman. Lim was forced to back down and later resigned as president, with Cheah Toon Lock taking over as acting president. Other members also resigned from MCA to contest the election as independent candidates, which cost the party some seats.[15][16] The party only won 19 of the 31 seats eventually allocated.[17] Lim himself left the party in December 1960, later becoming one of the founding members of the opposition Gerakan in 1968. In 1961 Tan Siew Sin, son of Tan Cheng Lock and favoured by Tunku, became MCA's third President.[18] Tan led the party to a firm victory in the 1964 General Election, winning 27 of the 33 parliamentary seats contested.[19] In 1969, Tan established Tunku Abdul Rahman College after a proposal for a Chinese-language university was turned down by the government.[20]

1969–1985

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The third Malaysian general elections were held on 10 May 1969. MCA faced strong challenges from the new, mainly Chinese, opposition parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan. Of the 33 parliamentary seats contested, MCA managed to retain only 13. MCA also lost control of the Penang State Government to Gerakan. The gain by the opposition parties led to tension between different communities which erupted into the May 13 Riots. Prior to the riots, on 12 May 1969, Tan Siew Sin announced that the party would withdraw from the Alliance, but reconsidered on 20 May and joined the National Operations Council formed in place of the suspended Parliament after the riots.[21] The loss of support for MCA among the Chinese population elicited a comment by the then Deputy Prime Minister Dr Ismail that if MCA continue to lose support, UMNO may stop co-operating with it.[22] To regain Chinese support, Tan attempted to broaden the appeal of the party previously seen as a party of the taukeh (tou jia, rich men), and invited professionals to join the party.[22] However, many of these were later expelled after a dispute involving Lim Keng Yaik who then joined Gerakan.[22][23]

With the loss of support for MCA in the 1969 election, and the enlargement of the Alliance party in 1972 (which later became Barisan Nasional) to include Gerakan, UMNO became even more dominant and MCA suffered a loss of status within the coalition.[24] In 1973, Tan Siew Sin requested a position as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet reshuffle following the death of Tun Dr. Ismail, but this was refused by Tun Abdul Razak, which angered Tan.[25] On 8 April 1974, prior to the general election, Tan Siew Sin resigned all of his party and government posts for health reasons.

 
Lee San Choon, MCA president 1975–1983

Lee San Choon took over as Acting President following Tan's resignation, and was then elected president in 1975. After Tan's resignation, the cabinet posts allocated to MCA declined in importance, and MCA lost both the Finance Ministry and Trade and Industry Ministry posts it once held in 1957.[26] The party performed better in the 1974 election, but lost ground again in the following 1978 general election, with the MCA winning only 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats and 44 of the 60 state seats. In 1979, Michael Chen stood against Lee San Choon for the MCA Presidency but lost, and later in 1981 led a group of MCA dissidents to join Gerakan.[27]

The 1982 general election however saw a shift in fortune for MCA. Lee accepted a challenge from the opposition Democratic Action Party which taunted the MCA's leadership for not daring to contest a seat with large urban Chinese majority, and contested the parliamentary seat for Seremban against the incumbent DAP Chairman Chen Man Hin. Lee won his challenge, and led his party to a resounding victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.[28][29] After the success in the election and at the height of his career, Lee San Choon unexpectedly resigned his presidency and cabinet post for unspecified reason in 1983.[30] Neo Yee Pan then led as Acting President until 1985.

1985–2003

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In 1985, Tan Koon Swan, who was sacked from the party a year earlier, won the presidential election with the largest majority in the party's history.[31][32] However, in the following year, he was charged with abetting criminal breach of trust relating to his private business dealings in Singapore, and resigned from the presidency.[33] Koon Swan also originated the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives, which sought to accumulate capital for Chinese Malaysians through investments. The mismanagement of the DTCs' funds led to a scandal, with the central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, stepping in to freeze the assets of up to 35 DTCs. The total loss was estimated to be RM3.6 billion, and depositors could only recover 62% of their deposits.[34]

Koon Swan was succeeded by his deputy Ling Liong Sik in 1986. He assumed the presidency when the party was still rife with factionalism and faced disillusionment with the Chinese community over the Deposit-Taking Cooperatives scandal.[35] Ling spent his early years as president working to resolve MCA's financial problems, raising funds while restructuring the party's assets.[36] Ling presided over a period of relative peace within the party, and worked to maintain the interests of the Chinese community through a closed-door approach within the government.[37] He expanded the MCA-owned Tunku Abdul Rahman College through fund-raising and government contributions, and in 2001 set up Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.[36][37] Ling led MCA to its best electoral performance thus far in the 1995 general election, winning 30 of the 34 allocated parliamentary seats and 71 of the 77 state seats, and secured a majority of Chinese votes at the expense of DAP.[38][39] MCA also performed well in the 1999 general elections, and the successive electoral victory boosted the party's standing within the Barisan Nasional coalition as well as Ling's personal relationship with BN leader and prime minister Mahathir Mohamad.[36][37]

However, internal power struggles persisted. In 1993 Ling's deputy Lee Kim Sai indicated that he would challenge Ling for the presidency, but withdrew at the eleventh hour.[40] Lee eventually retired in 1996 and was replaced as deputy president by Lim Ah Lek.[41] In 1999, the party was again wracked by factionalism. Deputy president Lim Ah Lek announced his intention to retire as a minister and agreed with Ling to nominate his protégé Chan Kong Choy to the Cabinet after the 1999 elections. However, Ling nominated his own protégé Ong Ka Ting as a minister at the expense of Chan, causing discontent with members aligned to Lim, which became known as "Team B" among party members. The Ling faction was known as "Team A".[37][41] Tensions flared further after MCA, through its holding company Huaren, moved to acquire the independent daily Nanyang Siang Pau. This was vehemently opposed by Team B, fearing a complete control of the Chinese media by Team A. They were joined by Chinese journalists and non-governmental organisations, who made their opposition public through demonstrations.[37] The situation turned farcical when chairs were thrown during the 2001 Youth general assembly over the issue.[42] Huaren eventually succeeded in taking over Nanyang Siang Pau. Huaren also controls The Star and China Press,[43] and the domination of media press resulted in strong resentments in the divided party and concerns over press freedom.[44][45][46]

Mahathir, as BN leader, eventually stepped in to resolve the conflict, suggesting a "peace plan" among the factions. The scheduled 2002 party elections were cancelled, while Ling and Lim stepped down to be replaced by their respective protégés.[37]

2003–2008

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In May 2003, the leadership transition occurred as planned. Ong Ka Ting, who was then a vice-president succeeded Ling Liong Sik as president, while Chan Kong Choy succeeded Lim Ah Lek as deputy president. The Ong-led MCA contributed to Barisan Nasional's overwhelming victory in the 2004 general elections. MCA won 31 of the 40 parliamentary seats and 76 of the 90 state seats allocated.[47] During the 2005 party elections, Teams A and B ran on a united front, easily quashing the challenge by vice-president Chua Jui Meng (for president) and secretary-general Ting Chew Peh (for deputy president).[37]

The Ong-Chan leadership continued the soft approach to protecting the Chinese community's interests,[37] although tension with UMNO over racial issues flared up now and again after the 2004 election.[48] In early 2008, vice-president and Health Minister Chua Soi Lek, a prominent Johor member, was involved in a sex scandal. DVDs of Chua having sex with a woman were circulated in Johor, prompting Chua to resign all his political positions, including as Member of Parliament.[49] Chua suggested that his political enemies within the party who might have felt threatened by him for plotting his downfall.[50]

 
Ong Tee Keat, president 2008–2010

In the March 2008 general elections, MCA fared badly, winning only 15 parliamentary seats and 32 state seats, less than half the number of seats they won in the previous election. Ong decided not to contest the presidency during the party elections later that year, to allow a new leader to take over. The October 2008 party election marked a realignment of the party's factions, with the return of Chua Soi Lek to the fold. Ong Ka Ting's anointed successor was vice-president Ong Tee Keat.[51] Meanwhile, Chua entered the race for deputy president, facing among others, Ong Ka Chuan, the elder brother of Ka Ting. Ong Tee Keat won the presidency comfortably, while Chua edged out Ka Chuan. Following his victory, Tee Keat pledged reform and reaching out to more young voters to revive the party.[52]

2008–present

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After the 2008 leadership change, factional infighting continued and the relationship between the Ong Tee Keat and Chua Soi Lek remained tense. Chua was sidelined by Ong from taking an active role in the party's leadership, and he was also excluded from government posts.[53] He was then sacked by MCA in August 2009 for damaging the party's image with his sex scandal more than a year prior.[54] In response, Chua's supporters forced an extraordinary general meeting which passed a vote of no confidence against incumbent president Ong and annulled the expulsion of Chua. The EGM, however, failed to reinstate Chua as deputy president.[55] Ong refused to resign despite the vote of no confidence, but pledged with Chua to set aside their differences under the "greater unity plan."[56] However, this was opposed by vice-president Liow Tiong Lai who demanded Ong step down and that new elections be held.[57] This set in motion a new leadership crisis, which lasted almost six months.

Finally in March 2010, Chua, along with his supporters in the central committee resigned. Along with the resignations of Liow's supporters in the CC, more than two-thirds of the CC had vacated their seats, paving the way for an election per the party constitution.[58] The subsequent election saw Chua defeating incumbent Ong Tee Keat and former leader Ong Ka Ting in the race for president, while Liow defeated Kong Cho Ha in the contest for deputy president.[59] Chua and his deputy Liow pledged to co-operate, and opened the party to non-Chinese.[60]

 
Liow Tiong Lai, president 2013–2018

MCA's electoral performance meanwhile continued to deteriorate, as in the 2013 General Election, MCA only managed to score only 7 of the 37 parliamentary seats and 11 of the 90 state seats it contested, leading to calls for Chua's resignation.[61] The so-called "Chinese tsunami" where the great majority of Chinese votes went to the opposition was blamed by Najib Razak for the losses of the governing coalition.[62][63] MCA's poor performance in the two elections, along with continued factionalism, raised concerns over the party's relevance in the Malaysian political arena.[64][65] Also as a result of its poor performance, there was no MCA representation in the cabinet for the first time since independence due to a resolution that MCA would not accept cabinet posts if it performed badly in the general election.[66][67]

Chua did not enter the following party poll for president, and in December 2013, Liow Tiong Lai was elected the president of MCA.[68][69] Liow also reversed the resolution not to serve in the government and re-entered the cabinet.

In the 2018 election, MCA suffered its worst ever defeat, as it has lost all state seats it has contested, and only managed to retain one elected representative in the national parliament - Wee Ka Siong, who represents Ayer Hitam constituency in Johor. MCA, as part of the Barisan Nasional coalition, was also relegated to the opposition for the first time since independence. Wee Ka Siong was elected president on 4 November 2018 while Liow decided not to stand for party polls after his defeat.[70][71] MCA later regained a seat in the 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election.[72]

In March 2020, MCA returned to power as part of Barisan Nasional aligned to the Perikatan Nasional coalition after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[73][74]

In the 2022 election, the Pakatan Harapan won the most seats but not the majority, and returned to government with the support of Barisan Nasional. MCA won two seats, however, it was not given any government cabinet posts and it stayed as a backbencher of the government.[7][75]

Controversy

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1MDB scandal

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Main article: 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

On 8 July 2020, a sum of RM835,258.19 seized by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) from Pahang MCA for allegedly linked to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) fund scandal, has been forfeited to the Malaysian government.[76][77][78]

Central Committee Members

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Incumbent leadership of MCA was elected by general assembly delegates in the 2023 Malaysian Chinese Association leadership election.[79]

Central Committee Members:

  1. Koh Nai Kwong
  2. Kang Meng Fuat
  3. Chua Hock Kuan
  4. Leaw Kok Chan
  5. Monna Ong Siew Siew
  6. Lee Chin Yong
  7. Tan Chong
  8. Tan Kok Eng
  9. Ooi Jing Ting
  10. Leong Kok Wee
  11. Chan Quin Er
  12. Choong Shin Heng
  13. Quek Tai Seong
  14. Lee Ban Seng
  15. Koh Chin Han
  16. Lee Ting Han
  17. Lu Yen Tung
  18. Ting Zhao Song
  19. Tan Gim Tuan
  20. Chiew Kai Heng
  21. Saw Yee Fung
  22. Chin Tung Leong
  23. Chua Thiong Gee
  24. Wong Yong Teai
  25. Wong Tai Chee
  • State Chairman:
    • Johor: Wee Ka Siong
    • Kedah: Chua Thiong Gee
    • Kelantan: Chua Hock Kuan
    • Malacca: Lim Ban Hong
    • Negeri Sembilan: Leaw Kok Chan
    • Pahang: Chong Sin Woon
    • Perak: Mah Hang Soon
    • Perlis: Chuah Tian Hee
    • Penang: Tan Teik Cheng
    • Sabah: Teah Heok Kuin
    • Selangor: Ir. Lawrence Low
    • Terengganu: Monna Ong Siew Siew
    • Federal Territory: Wee Jeck Seng

List of party leaders

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Presidents of the Malayan Chinese Association

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Order Name Term of office Elected
1 Tan Cheng Lock 27 February 1949 27 March 1958
2 Lim Chong Eu 27 March 1958 July 1959
– Cheah Toon Lok July 1959 November 1961 acting
3 Tan Siew Sin November 1961 16 September 1963

Presidents of the Malaysian Chinese Association

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Order Name Term of office Elected
3 Tan Siew Sin 16 September 1963 8 April 1974
– Lee San Choon 8 April 1974 August 1975 acting
4 Lee San Choon August 1975 August 1979
August 1979 25 March 1983
– Neo Yee Pan March 1983 24 November 1985 acting
5 Tan Koon Swan 24 November 1985 September 1986
6 Ling Liong Sik 3 September 1986 23 May 2003
7 Ong Ka Ting 23 May 2003 18 October 2008
8 Ong Tee Keat 18 October 2008 28 March 2010
9 Chua Soi Lek 28 March 2010 21 December 2013
10 Liow Tiong Lai 21 December 2013 4 November 2018
11 Wee Ka Siong 4 November 2018 Incumbent

Elected representatives

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MCA Malacca branch office

Dewan Negara (Senate)

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Senators

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Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament
  1. Lim Pay Hen – elected by the Johor State Legislative Assembly
  2. Koh Nai Kwong – elected by the Melaka State Legislative Assembly

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

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Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

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Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

MCA currently has two MPs in the House of Representatives.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
  Johor P148 Ayer Hitam Wee Ka Siong MCA
P165 Tanjung Piai Wee Jeck Seng MCA
Total Johor (2)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

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Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

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Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)
State No. Federal Constituency No. State Constituency Member Party
  Perak P072 Tapah N47 Chenderiang Choong Shin Heng MCA
  Pahang - Nominated Member Wong Tat Chee MCA
  Malacca P135 Alor Gajah N08 Machap Jaya Ngwe Hee Sem MCA
P136 Tangga Batu N14 Kelebang Lim Ban Hong MCA
  Johor P142 Labis N06 Bekok Tan Chong MCA
P148 Ayer Hitam N19 Yong Peng Ling Tian Soon MCA
P153 Sembrong N30 Paloh Lee Ting Han MCA
P165 Tanjung Piai N55 Pekan Nanas Tan Eng Meng MCA
Total Perak (1),Pahang (1),Malacca (2), Johor (4)

General election results

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Election Total seats won Seats contested Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1955
15 / 52
 15 201,212 20.09%  15 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Tan Cheng Lock
1959
19 / 104
 30 232,073 15.00%  4 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Lim Chong Eu
1964
27 / 104
 30 225,211 18.7%  8 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Tan Siew Sin
1969
13 / 144
 30 13.50%[80]  15 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Tan Siew Sin
1974
19 / 144
 30  6 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Lee San Choon
1978
17 / 154
 32  2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Lee San Choon
1982
24 / 154
 32  7 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Lee San Choon
1986
17 / 177
 28 589,289 12.42%  7 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ling Liong Sik
1990
18 / 180
 32  1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ling Liong Sik
1995
30 / 192
 30  12 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ling Liong Sik
1999
28 / 193
 30  2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ling Liong Sik
2004
31 / 219
 33 1,074,230 15.5%  3 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ong Ka Ting
2008
15 / 222
 33 840,489 10.35%  16 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Ong Ka Ting
2013
7 / 222
 39 867,851 7.86%  8 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Chua Soi Lek
2018
1 / 222
 40 639,165 5.30%  6 seats; Opposition coalition,
later Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Liow Tiong Lai
2022
2 / 222
 44 665,436 4.29%  1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Wee Ka Siong

State election results

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State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Penang State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Malacca State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Total won / Total contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
1954
5 / 16
1955
3 / 12
1 / 16
2 / 12
3 / 8
1959
2 / 12
5 / 24
1 / 30
2 / 24
6 / 24
9 / 40
6 / 24
8 / 28
7 / 24
7 / 20
7 / 32
1964
2 / 12
5 / 24
1 / 30
1 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 40
7 / 24
8 / 28
9 / 24
4 / 20
11 / 32
1969
2 / 12
2 / 24
1 / 30
1 / 24
0 / 24
1 / 40
4 / 24
1 / 28
4 / 24
4 / 20
10 / 32
1974
2 / 12
2 / 26
1 / 36
2 / 26
1 / 27
3 / 42
7 / 32
6 / 33
5 / 24
3 / 20
10 / 32
1978
2 / 12
4 / 26
1 / 36
1 / 28
2 / 27
4 / 42
0 / 32
5 / 33
5 / 24
3 / 20
10 / 32
1982
2 / 12
3 / 26
1 / 36
1 / 28
6 / 27
10 / 42
5 / 32
7 / 33
6 / 24
5 / 20
10 / 32
1986
2 / 14
3 / 28
1 / 39
1 / 32
2 / 33
3 / 46
5 / 33
8 / 42
4 / 28
4 / 20
10 / 36
1990
2 / 14
4 / 28
0 / 39
0 / 32
0 / 33
3 / 46
4 / 33
6 / 42
4 / 28
4 / 20
8 / 36
0 / 48
1995
2 / 15
4 / 36
1 / 45
1 / 32
9 / 40
13 / 59
7 / 42
11 / 56
7 / 36
5 / 28
11 / 56
1999
2 / 15
4 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
9 / 40
12 / 59
7 / 42
11 / 56
9 / 36
4 / 28
11 / 56
0 / 60
2004
2 / 15
4 / 36
0 / 45
1 / 32
9 / 40
10 / 59
8 / 42
12 / 56
8 / 36
6 / 28
15 / 56
1 / 60
2008
2 / 15
1 / 36
0 / 45
1 / 32
0 / 40
1 / 59
6 / 42
2 / 56
1 / 36
4 / 28
12 / 56
1 / 60
2013
1 / 15
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
0 / 40
1 / 59
2 / 42
0 / 56
0 / 36
3 / 28
2 / 56
0 / 60
11 / 90
2018
1 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
0 / 40
0 / 59
1 / 42
0 / 56
0 / 36
0 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
2 / 90
2020
0 / 73
0 / 4
2021
2 / 28
2 / 7
2022
4 / 56
4 / 15
2022
0 / 15
1 / 59
0 / 42
1 / 26

See also

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References

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  1. ^ J Denis Derbyshire; Ian Derbyshire (1990). Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 978-81-7023-307-7.
  2. ^ "A cash cow for Huaren". TheEdge. 23 March 2009.
  3. ^ Loghun Kumaran (25 June 2018). "With about RM3b in assets, MCA unlikely to fade away soon". Malay Mail.
  4. ^ "Thirteenth General Elections (GE13): Chinese votes and Implications on Malaysian Politics" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 32 (supp. 2): 25–53. 2014.
  5. ^ "Racial politics: where it all went wrong for the Malaysian Chinese Association?". Asia One. 4 March 2019.
  6. ^ Ng, Eileen. "MCA hopes to moderate new govt but needs to win voter trust". The Straits Times.
  7. ^ a b Nur Hasliza Mohd Salleh (21 December 2022). "Pua's jibe shows MCA's role as 'opposition' in BN, says analyst". Malaysia Now.
  8. ^ Nyce, Ray (1973). Chinese New Villages in Malaysia. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.
  9. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (11 May 2009). Historical Dictionary of Malaysia. Scarecrow Press. pp. lvii, 185. ISBN 978-0-8108-6305-7. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  10. ^ Nyce, Ray (1973). Chinese New Villages in Malaysia. Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. p. 115.
  11. ^ Bayly, Harper, Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia
  12. ^ Keat Gin Ooi, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 138. ISBN 9781576077702.
  13. ^ In-Won Hwang (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 96. ISBN 978-9812301857.
  14. ^ "Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu". Malaysian Chinese Association. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015.
  15. ^ Howard J. Wiarda (2005). Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia. Routledge. p. 371. ISBN 0-415-33095-5.
  16. ^ Boon Kheng Cheah (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-9812301543.
  17. ^ Ting Hui Lee (2011). Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 101–102. ISBN 9789814279215.
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Notes

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  • James Chin (2016). “From K etuanan Melayu to Ketuanan Islam: UMNO and the Malaysian Chinese” in Bridget Welsh (ed.) The End of UMNO? Essays on Malaysia's Dominant Party (Strategic Information and Research Development Centre: Selangor, Malaysia) pp 226–273
  • James Chin. Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Politics a Year Later: Crisis of Political Legitimacy, The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol. 99, No. 407, April 2010, pp. 153–162
  • James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
  • Chin, James (2006). "New Chinese Leadership in Malaysia: The Contest for the MCA and Gerakan Presidency". Contemporary Southeast Asia (CSEA), Vol. 28, No. 1 (April 2006).
  • Chin, James (2000). "A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election". South East Asia Research 8 (3), 281–299.
  • Chin, James (2001). "Malaysian Chinese Politics in the 21st Century: Fear, Service and Marginalisation". Asian Journal of Political Science 9 (2), 78–94.
  • James Chin (2018) The Malaysian Chinese Association, set adrift in need of a direction, Channel News Asia, 30 October
  • Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
  • "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today. by Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005)
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